The species identification can be made by distinguishing adult worms and the mature filariform larvae table 15. Because lymphedema may develop many years after infection, lab. Microscopy remains the cornerstone of the laboratory diagnosis of infections due to blood and tissue parasites. Microfilaria may be found in peripheral circulation at night. Diagnosis of important parasitic diseases laboratory diagnosis of filariasis mark l.
Lymphatic filariasis can be diagnosed clinically and through laboratory techniques. Although lf is not endemic in australia, individuals returning or emigrating from endemic areas can potentially be exposed to or infected with the filarial nematodes that cause lf, the most prevalent being wuchereria bancrofti. The microfilariae that cause lymphatic filariasis circulate in the blood at night nocturnal periodicity. For all positive cases, blood films and a 1 ml aliquot of the edta blood sample on which the diagnosis was made should be sent to the malaria reference laboratory mrl for confirmation appendix 1 and fig 1. Wuchereria bancrofti is the most common cause of infections worldwide. They belong to the group of diseases called helminthiases eight known filarial worms have humans as a definitive host. The other diagnosis for subcutaneous filariasis is performed with a skin snip test. Filariasis diagnosis isbn 92 41544899 nlm classification. Wuchereria bancrofti is a human parasitic worm filariworm that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis. Definitive diagnosis of these helminthic infections currently. Clinical diagnosis many lymphatic filariasis patients are amicrofilaraemic, and because no serologic test other than that detecting cfa is specific, in the absence of antigen testing the diagnoses of these infections must be made clinically i.
The diagnostic workup is usually begun after someone develops eye worm, calabar swellings, or unexplained elevated levels of eosinophils on blood tests after travel to an affected area. Mar 16, 2018 serologic techniques provide an alternative to microscopic detection of microfilariae for the diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis. Laboratory diagnosis of infections due to blood and tissue parasites. Available laboratory diagnostic tools and interpretation article pdf available february 2012 with 1,504 reads how we measure reads. Acute symptoms of the disease include adenolymphangitis adl this presents with sudden onset of fever and painful lymphadenopathy. Parasitic disease, also known as parasitosis, is an infectious disease caused or transmitted by a parasite. However, even when blood has been collected at the appropriate time, microfilariae can be scanty, so that serological or rapid immunochromatographic tests and concentration techniques may be required. Parasitic diseases such as filariasis, malaria etc. Onchocerca volvulus infection is a leading preventable cause of blindness, while bancroftian and brugian filariasis may produce lymphatic obstruction of the genitalia and extremities elephantiasis. There may be challenges in terms of making the diagnosis of filariasis in identifying laboratory abnormalities. Stool examination of stool forms an important part in diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections and also for those helminthic parasites that localize in the biliary tract and discharge their eggs into the intestine. The standard method for diagnosing active infection is the identification of microfilariae in a blood smear by microscopic examination.
In the case of this disorder, the serous cavity of the abdomen is infected by the helminths. It is one of the three parasitic worms, together with brugia malayi and b. Ppt lymphatic filariasis powerpoint presentation free. Currently, there is no vaccine available for filariasis. Wc 880 the world health organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Becauseofthe relatively greaternumberof experimental studies of lymphatic filariasis compared with those of onchocerciasis and loaiasis, the former infection will be discussed in greater detail. Traditionally, the diagnosis of filariasis requires demonstrating microfilariae in the peripheral blood or skin. Filariasis symptoms, causes, diagnosis, filariasis treatment. Human filarial infections afflict over 150 million persons worldwide and are major causes of morbidity in many developing countries. Recently we have been receiving many inquiries related to a national eradication programme of lymphatic filariasis lf, a chronic condition that can result in elephantiasis. Filariasis causes although it is not fatal, filariasis is chronic and very painful. Lymphatic filariasis lf is the second most common mosquitoborne parasitic disease globally and a leading cause of disability.
The global control of malaria is more challenging than that of many other infectious diseases. These filarial worms are spread by a variety of mosquito vector species. And so if youre going to make a diagnosis, you need to draw peripheral blood smear at midnight. This is an advanced stage of the illness whereby body parts such as the limbs and the genitals can become irreversibly swollen due to disturbed drainage of the lymph vessels in the skin. Patients with active filarial infection typically have elevated levels of antifilarial igg4 in the blood and these can be detected using routine assays. This disease belongs to the group of diseases called helminthiases. Dirofilarial infection of the breast has also been reported breast care basel 2012. Examination of thick and thin peripheral blood smears stained with giemsa or other appropriate stains is used for detection and identification of species of plasmodium, babesia, trypanosoma, brugia, mansonella, and wuchereria. Laboratory diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis springerlink. Limbs and genitalia will be examined for elephantiasis, pigmentation and warts. All those that infect humans are classified in the family onchocercidae, superfamily filarioidea. Serologic techniques provide an alternative to microscopic detection of microfilariae for the diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis. Pathophysiology and management in resourcepoor settings relevance for lymphatic filariasis control programmes. Laboratory diagnosis of malaria learn microbiology online.
Pathology of lymphatic filariasis the pathology associated with lymphatic filariasis results from a complex interplay of the pathogenic potential of the parasite, the tissue response of the host and external bacterial and fungal infections. Pdf recent advances in the laboratory diagnosis of filariasis. Parasite is an organism that lives on or inside another organism host and benefits e. To establish clinical and laboratory data of individuals presenting chyluria in endemic areas. Serodiagnostic methods available are enzymelinked immunosorbent and. Considerable space is devoted to identifying and separating.
These are divided into three groups according to the part of the body they affect. Adl may occur due to immune mediated responses to dying adult worms. The diagnosis of filariasis is made by identification of the microfilaria on giemsastained blood smears. These are spread by bloodfeeding diptera such as black flies and mosquitoes. This is a manifestation of occult filariasis and is characterized by low fever,loss of weight, paroxysmal cough with scanty sputummay be bloodtinged and splenomegaly. M rcpath institute for medical research, jalan pahang, kuala lumpur. Blood, chylous urine,hydrocele fluid and biopsied lymph node. Depending on the nature of parasitic infections, specimens for laboratory diagnosis can be various ones.
Laboratory diagnosis of malaria requires the identification of the parasite or its antigens products in the patients blood. Diagnosis can be difficult in patients with low levels of larvae in the blood. Among them, only 8 to 9 are categorized as filarial parasites, which causes infections in human beings. Clinically, diagnosis can be made on circumstantial evidence with support from antibody or other laboratory assays as most of the lf patients are amicrofilaraemic and in the. Eight known filarial nematodes use humans as their definitive hosts. Blood must be collected at a specific time either at night or during the day depending on the periodicity of the microfilariae.
Bench aids for the diagnosis of filarial infections. There are more than a hundred species of filarial worms are currently discovered. Scientists are still working on developing a cure for filariasis. Blood should be obtained at night because of the periodicity of the microfilaremia. Filariasis differential diagnoses medscape reference. Pdf lymphatic filariasis lf is the second most common mosquitoborne parasitic disease globally and a leading cause of disability. Microfilariae and adult worms are also identified in the tissue sections. As we all know, this disease is caused by the bite of mosquitoes, it is better to. Brugia malayi and brugia timori can be the causative organisms in asia.
Serologic enzyme immunoassay tests, including antifilarial igg1 and igg4, provide an alternative to microscopic detection of microfilariae for the diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis. The specific laboratory diagnosis of filariasis depends either on the demonstration of circulating microfilaria in the peripheral blood or various stages of the parasite in tissue sections. Strengthening laboratory capacity for diagnosis of neglected. Cases in scotland should be referred to the scottish parasite diagnostic laboratory. Diagnosis and treatment of filariasis filariasisis diagnosed by direct demonstration of the microfilariae in the nocturnal blood sample or skin specimen. These are spread by bloodfeeding insects such as black flies and mosquitoes. Diagnosis diagnostic tests recommended for use in the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Circulating microfilariae can be detected by examining thick smears 2060. Physical examination to make an accurate diagnosis, the doctor will examine lymph nodes, ulcers, and abscesses. The microfilariae of all species that cause lymphatic filariasis and the microfilariae of l loa, m ozzardi, and m perstans can be detected on a blood smear. However, circulating filarial antigens cfa are now routinely used to diagnose w bancrofti infection. Offive techniques tried out in the laboratory for the diagnosis of human filariasis, the microhaematocrit technique, a technique which does not seemto bewidelyusedin diagnostic medical parasitology laboratories, was found to give the mostsatisfactoryresults intermsofefficiency and saving of time.
Laboratory diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis october 3, 20 acharya tankeshwar lab diagnosis of parasitic disease, parasitology 2 lymphatic filariasis can be diagnosed clinically and through laboratory techniques. Laboratory abnormalities are not common, and the diagnosis is usually clinical. Sep 15, 2014 recently we have been receiving many inquiries related to a national eradication programme of lymphatic filariasis lf, a chronic condition that can result in elephantiasis. Laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis pdf icon pdf, 144 kb laboratory diagnosis of giardiasis pdf icon pdf, 93 kb dpdx is an educational resource designed for health professionals and laboratory scientists. Current available techniques can be separated in three categories. Filariae have a remarkable specificity for their definitive.
Blood collection should be done at night to coincide with the appearance of the microfilariae, and a thick smear should be made and stained with giemsa or hematoxylin and eosin. Most of the pathology associated with lf is limited to the lymphatics. Laboratory diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis learn. Filariasis in africatreatment challenges and prospects. The requirements of a diagnostic test are specificity, sensitivity, ease of performance and a reasonable cost. Lammie, phd a the parasite filariae are a distinct group of nematode parasites.
Laboratory diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis in australia. So the optimal time for drawing blood to detect nocturnal periodic w. Lymphatic filariasis can be asymptomatic, where infected people have no symptoms and never will develop symptoms. Pdf laboratory diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis in. Other people that are infected will present with acute clinical symptoms 3. Strengthening laboratory capacity for diagnosis of neglected tropical diseases methodology the training course will focus on plenary sessions, practical sessions with handonexperience, and field work. The microfilariae that cause lymphatic filariasis circulate in the blood at night called nocturnal periodicity. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the office of publications. In this article, the authors describe how to detect bloodborne and skindwelling filarial infections parasitologically.
Laboratory diagnosis of malaria march 25, 2012 acharya tankeshwar lab diagnosis of parasitic disease, parasitology 0 once malaria is suspected on clinical grounds, it is mandatory to obtain the laboratory confirmation of the presence of malaria parasites in the patients specimen, whenever possible. Diagnosis of filariasis in the haematology laboratory blood concentrations of microfilariae are often higher in capillary blood than in venous blood. Laboratory diagnosis of malaria conventional and rapid diagnostic methods michael l. Lymphoscintigraphy in unilateral lower limb and scrotal lymphedema caused by filariasis. Loa loa filariasis laboratory findings on the web most recent articles. Strengthening laboratory capacity for diagnosis of. Laboratory diagnosis of infections due to blood and tissue. The disease causes an accumulation of fluid hydrocoele. Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by an infection with roundworms of the filarioidea type. Lymphatic filariasis is a major cause of disfigurement and disability in endemic areas, leading to significant economic and psychosocial impact. Assessment of fever, pulse, along with, examination of other organ systems is performed. Laboratory diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis laboratory diagnosis of onchocerciasis.
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